The Effects of Music Lessons on Child Development: What Research Shows

If you’ve ever wondered whether music lessons are “worth it” for your child compared to the dozen other activities competing for their time, three decades of developmental research offer a partial answer. Music lessons measurably change the developing brain and build musical, auditory and social skills that go beyond learning to play an instrument. The wider academic effects, the ones usually used to sell lessons to parents, are far less certain, and this piece is straight about which is which.

Here’s what the research actually says, and what it means for the decision parents face every year.

Brain Structure and Connectivity

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The most striking findings come from brain imaging studies comparing children who take music lessons to those who don’t. Children with a year or two of consistent music training show measurable differences in brain structure:

• A larger corpus callosum, the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres. In principle a better-connected brain could mean more efficient communication between the regions handling language, memory, motor control and reasoning, though that step has not been measured.
• Increased gray matter in motor and auditory regions.
• Differences in white-matter pathways serving motor and auditory regions, measured with diffusion imaging. These differences are consistent with stronger myelination, the insulation around neural pathways, but they do not demonstrate it directly.

Structural differences are measurable after a year or two of lessons. One longitudinal study found motor and auditory changes after fifteen months of keyboard lessons, and another found growth in the corpus callosum across twenty-nine months in the children who practiced most. Adult musicians show the same pattern, though no study has followed one group of children all the way into adulthood, so the two pictures are consistent rather than proven to be one line. The changes measured in children were modest, not dramatic.

Language and Reading Development

Music training engages the same brain systems used for language, and this is where the evidence divides most sharply. The neural measurements are the strong part. The reading-score gains are not, because the same 2020 meta-analysis discussed further down finds transfer to reading close to zero once study design is accounted for:

• Children with music training show better phonological awareness (the ability to hear and manipulate the sounds within words) in observational comparisons, and that skill is foundational to reading.
• Small trials that add music training to a reading intervention have reported faster gains, and these are exactly the small, weakly controlled studies the 2020 meta-analysis absorbs and nulls, so they carry very little weight on their own.
• Children who study music show enhanced auditory processing of speech in noisy environments, which is a known predictor of reading and academic success.

A 2014 study at Northwestern University followed 44 children through community music programs and found more precise neural encoding of speech sounds after two years. After a single year there was no measurable difference between the groups, which is a useful marker of how long this takes. That neural work is the most solid part of this literature, because it measures what the training changes rather than a downstream school outcome. The reading-score side is much weaker, and the meta-analysis in the Academic Outcomes section below is the reason to be careful with it.

Memory and Executive Function

Music lessons exercise multiple executive functions simultaneously: sustained attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. A child reading sheet music while coordinating both hands and listening for pitch is running visual, motor, auditory and memory systems at once, which is unusual among activities for that age.

Studies comparing music students with their peers report downstream effects. Every result in the list below comes from comparisons that randomized trials with an active control group have not reproduced, and the better-designed the trial, the smaller the effect tends to be:

• Children with music training perform better on working memory tasks than matched peers in those comparisons.
• They show stronger inhibitory control, the ability to suppress impulsive responses, which is itself a predictor of academic and life outcomes.
• They display better task-switching abilities, related to cognitive flexibility.

How far these effects accumulate over years of training is unsettled, and whether any of it is retained once lessons stop has not been measured at all. The safest reading is that the skills music practice exercises are strongest inside music practice itself.

Social and Emotional Development

Music lessons develop social and emotional capacities, especially when they include a group element such as ensembles, choirs or recitals. Four patterns come up repeatedly:

• Children learn to perform under pressure, building emotional regulation and resilience.
• They practice receiving feedback without crumbling, which transfers to academic and social settings.
• Group music-making teaches cooperation, listening for others’ parts, and contributing to a shared outcome.
• Teachers see confidence grow when a child finally plays a piece they worked on for weeks.

Some studies report that adolescents with music training have lower rates of anxiety and depression than peers who do not play. These are observational comparisons, so the causal direction is genuinely open. Playing may help, or the children who stay with an instrument for years may already be the ones with steadier support around them.

Academic Outcomes

The academic numbers look large at first, and they are the ones most often quoted to parents. Read carefully, most of them describe who takes lessons rather than what the lessons did. Studies have found that students with music training:

• Have higher grades on average than non-musical peers. The largest analysis of this, a 2020 study of 112,916 students in British Columbia, found higher exam scores in math, science and English among students who took school music, after controlling for earlier achievement, neighborhood income and language background.
• Show small advantages on standardized reading and math measures in observational studies, advantages that shrink or disappear once studies use randomization and an active comparison group.
• Stay enrolled and graduate at higher rates in the same observational datasets, which cannot separate the lessons from the families who buy them.

These outcomes don’t mean music lessons directly cause academic success. Families that prioritize music lessons often prioritize other things linked to academic outcomes, and statistical controls only go so far. When the question is put to randomized trials, the picture changes: a 2020 meta-analysis of 54 studies covering 6,984 children found that once study design is accounted for, the effect of music training on cognitive and academic outcomes is close to zero. Only the weaker studies, the ones without randomization or an active control group, show a benefit. The honest reading is that music students’ higher grades are explained largely by who takes lessons and what else those families do, not by the lessons themselves.

What Type of Music Lessons Matter Most

A few patterns emerge from the research about which kinds of music training produce the strongest developmental effects:

Consistency matters more than duration. No study has run that comparison directly. What teachers see, and what the imaging studies fit, is that regular contact with the instrument over years does more than a burst of long sessions inside one year.

Active playing matters more than passive listening. The benefits described above come from playing an instrument, not from listening to classical music. (Listening has its own benefits, but they’re different and smaller.)

Starting age matters, but later is fine. Adult musicians who began before about age seven show some structural and timing differences from those who began later, and that is where the age-seven figure comes from. It is a cross-sectional comparison of adults rather than a general measure of plasticity, which does not switch off at a set age. Meaningful brain effects show up from music training started at any age, including in adulthood, and there’s no age at which it’s too late to benefit.

Teacher quality matters. A great teacher produces students who stay with lessons. Musical skill itself is plainly dose-dependent: a child who quits after six months has far less of it than a child who plays for five years. Whether the developmental effects scale the same way has not been measured, which is the same limit this article notes about executive function. Teacher fit is one of the biggest determinants of whether a child sticks with it.

For more on what the evidence does and does not support, see our guide to what music lessons actually do for kids.

The Honest Reading

Music lessons aren’t magic. A child who hates the violin won’t develop better just from being forced to play it. The benefits described above accrue to children who actually engage with their lessons over years, with reasonable practice, and at least decent teachers.

But for any child who can find an instrument they want to play and a teacher who keeps them engaged, the return is real: a skill they keep for life, an ear that hears more than it used to, and years of practice at working patiently at something hard. What lessons are not is a shortcut to a better report card, and buying them for that reason is the surest way to end up with a child who quits.

The recommendation that follows from the research is simple: if you can swing the investment, give your child the chance. Find the right instrument, the right teacher, and the right level of parental support, then let it run for a few years. The musical and personal benefits are real, they last, and they are worth having on their own terms.

How to Find the Right Teacher on Tunelark

Every Tunelark teacher is vetted by working musicians and educators for teaching quality before they can list, and each one sets their own rate and shows it on their profile. For kids especially, teacher fit shapes whether the lessons last long enough to be worth the years they take.

Start with the instrument your child asked for rather than the one you wish they had chosen, then browse the teacher list and filter for it.

Read the bios closely. The ones worth a trial lesson mention working with children of your child’s age and describe how they teach, not only what they have played.

Book a trial lesson with one whose profile resonates. Sit in if your child wants you there, and step back if they don’t.

After a few weeks, ask your child whether they like the teacher, and trust the answer. Lessons only pay off if they last, and lasting takes an enthusiasm no parent can supply on a child’s behalf.

Three decades of research on music and child development give parents enough to act on, as long as the claim is the right one. The question is not whether lessons buy a school advantage, because mostly they do not. It is whether you can find an instrument and a teacher your child will stay with for a few years. Most families can, and most kids who get the chance keep playing for life, which is its own remarkable outcome.

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About Jennifer Heath

I'm Jennifer Heath, VP at Tunelark and a lifelong singer. I joined the company in 2020 and oversee much of what makes Tunelark work for our students and our teachers. That includes hiring, training, and supporting our instructors, customer and student support, marketing, and the day-to-day operations of the business.

I started voice lessons at age 7, sang with professional choirs that toured internationally through my teens, and performed solo at competitions and community events across Texas before stepping away in my twenties to study other interests, including business management. I haven't performed professionally in years, but I'll happily take the microphone at a karaoke night. Music has been in me every day of my life. Being able to spend the last six years working inside an online music education company, while traveling the world full-time, has been a perfect fit.

I believe deeply that music belongs in every life. For the self-expression, the discipline, the comfort, and the simple joy of it.

The Tunelark blog is where we share what we've learned about online music lessons: how to choose an instrument and a teacher, what to expect from your first lesson, how the major platforms compare, and how to keep music going through the busier seasons of life. Practical, honest writing you can act on.